C1.3.3.1 Thermal Anomaly of Water
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Thermal Anomaly of Water
Water has a density anomaly: up to a temperature of 4 °C, water has a negative coefficient of expansion , i.e. it shrinks when warmed. After passing through zero at 4 °C, the coefficient of expansion becomes positive. So the density of water reaches a maximum at 4 °C.In experiment C1.3.3.1, the density maximum of water is proven by measuring its expansion in a vessel with a riser. Starting from room temperature, the complete setup is cooled down in an ice water bath to about 1 °C under constant stirring, or after cooling in a freezer, it is warmed slowly by the ambient temperature. The level h, in a riser with a cross-sectional area A is measured as a function of the water temperature ϑ. Because the change in volume relative to the total volume V0 is small, the result obtained for density is
. Components of experiments:
| 1 | 667 505 | Anomaly of water apparatus |
| 1 | 666 8451 | Magnetic stirrer |
| 1 | 666 851 | Stirring magnet, 25 mm x 6 mm diam. |
| 1 | 602 725 | Laboratory dish, 140 mm diam., 900 ml |
| 1 | 665 009 | Funnel, PP, 75 mm diam. |
| 1 | 307 66 | Tubing (rubber) |
| 1 | 300 42 | Stand rod, 47 cm, 12 mm diam. |
| 1 | 608 040 | Stand rod, 60 cm, 12 mm diam. |
| 3 | 666 555 | Universal clamp, 0...80 m |
| 3 | 301 09 | Bosshead S |
| 1 | 301 09 | Bosshead S |
| 2 | 300 02 | Stand base, V-shaped, small |
| 1 | 531 836 | Universal measuring instrument, Chemistry |
| 1 | 529 676 | Temperature probe, NiCr-Ni, 1.5 mm, type K |
| 1 | 666 194 | Protective sleeves for temperature probe, set of 5 |
| 1 | 665 009 | Funnel, PP, 75 mm diam. |
| 1 | 602 011 | Beaker, Boro 3.3, 400 ml, tall |
| 1 | 666 966 | Spoon-ended spatula, PP, 180 mm |
| 1 | ADACB1001 | Compact scale 1000 g; 0,1g |
| 1 | 666 003 | Pipetting ball (Peleus ball) |
| 1 | 673 5700 | Sodium chloride, 250 g |
